KEMANDIRIAN BELAJAR PAI
a Understanding PAE sailing independence
In principle, the concept of independence can be revised
In the Big Indonesian Dictionary, the word "independence" means the state of being able to be alone, not dependent on others.
Although many experts explain the meaning of independence in the following terms, including: JLGM Drost SJ, this independence is a state of integrity and wholeness of two components (mind and body) in a personal union. In other words, an independent person is an exemplary adult. [1]
According to Zakiya Darajat, independence: the tendency of children to do what they want without asking for help from others. It also measures the ability to control one's behavior without being dictated by others. Independent children usually take responsibility better and generally have stable emotions. [3]
Learning is usually defined as the process of changing behavior as a result of human interaction with the environment. [4]
According to Shalekh Abdel-Aziz and Abdel-Aziz Abdel-Majeed:
education : Yes changes in mind the learner He sees good News good In sharpness into changes good
"Learning is the process of changing a person's thinking as a result of previous experience, and then new changes occur." [5]
Meanwhile, according to Clifford T. Morgo , "learning is defined as any change in behavior that is relatively stable as a result of experience or practice." [6] Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience and practice.
As quoted by Syarifuddin Huda, according to Samana, learning autonomy of a person is that he directs and controls his educational activities based on his own judgments, decisions and responsibilities. Learning autonomy is the readiness of the learner from within to act and react to how the learner organizes and manages their own learning activities. Review, decision and own responsibility. [7]
Meanwhile, the meaning of Islamic religious education at ITU is far from the concept of education in general. In the National Education System Law No. 20 of 2003, the concept of education is a conscious and planned effort to create an educational environment and learning process to actively develop students' religious and spiritual potential, self-control, character, intellect, and noble character. and skills needed by you, master, nation and state. [8]
Definition of Education by FJ MC. Donald explains in his book "Educational Psychology" that " education is a process or activity aimed at achieving a desired change in human behavior " [9]
"Education is a process or activity described to produce a desired change in human behavior."
Regarding Islamic religious education, many Islamic educators define it in various terms, including:
Al-Ahmadi interprets Islamic religious education as a more emphasized effort to develop the religious essence (piety) of subjects so that students can better understand, appreciate and apply Islamic teachings. [10]
Mr. Arefin defines Islamic religious education as a process that leads people to a better life and raises the level of society according to the ability of their teachings. [Eleven]
From these various definitions, it can be explained that Islamic religious education is a conscious effort by teachers towards students to prepare students to believe in Islamic religious teachings and apply them in their daily lives.
Therefore, we can conclude that PAI independent learning is a form of learning aimed at creating opportunities and meaningful experiences for students to be able to learn in any subject at any time, to be confident, motivated and competent.
B. Terry Terry Independence navigation
The characteristics of children's autonomy are generally very broad, and their level of independence varies greatly by age. In this case, many experts describe these features.
According to experts, the characteristics of independence are as follows:
1. According to Beller, quoting Dra. Muntoli'ah, M.Pd. Features of independence include:
1) He is able to lead
2) Try to overcome challenges from the environment
3) Try to engage in an activity to achieve perfection
4) Enjoy the results of his work
2. According to Gilmour, quoted by Shabib Tawhi, the formation of characteristics of independence includes:
1) There is a sense of responsibility
2) Evaluate the problems you face wisely
3) There is a sense of safety in having different opinions with others
3. According to Dr. Montolian, MP has independent properties such as:
1) Ability to think critically, creatively and innovatively
2) It is not easy to be swayed by the opinion of the stripes
3) Don't run and avoid the problem
4) Solve problems by thinking deeply
5) When you encounter a problem, you can solve it yourself without the help of others
6) If you have different opinions with the people in the neighborhood, don't be shy
7) I try to work with dedication and discipline
Regarding learning and according to the above description, this learning autonomy is achieved by initiative in learning activities, freedom of action and use according to the values ​​taught, self-confidence or self-confidence and responsibility in each educational activity. every educational activity.
At the same time, in order to clarify the problem or situation related to self-learning, the author can conclude from the above description that the characteristics that can be observed in self-learning students are as follows:
1. Initiatives in educational activities
This component includes the ability to think and act in an original, creative, proactive way and not expect gratitude from others.
According to Mihaly Csikszetmihalyi (1996) ( created people are people whose thoughts or actions change the dominant or establish a new field ).
If the family, social and school environments also support them in discovering their initiatives, students' creativity can well develop and flourish.
2. stability Or confidence in every learning activity
Confidence is a positive attitude that allows a person to form a positive assessment of both himself and the environment. This does not mean that a person is capable and capable of seeing everything on his own under the alias of Shakti. Really high self-esteem indicates that there are many aspects of a person's life in which they feel competent, confident, competent and believe that they can support them with experience, moral potential, achievements and self-esteem.
3. Tangon The answer is in every learning activity
People are able to take the initiative to show responsibility for every thought, word and action, regardless of the consequences. The ability to take responsibility is very important - a sense of responsibility for oneself. Someone is responsible for mastering, monitoring and controlling. A person's independence is characterized by a tendency to a responsible task.
Z. Jean's factors affect the independence of swimming
Adaptive factors affecting swimming independence can be divided into 2, namely:
1. internal factors
These are factors within the child, among others, maturity factors such as age, gender, and intelligence. [15] One of the factors that determine the appearance of independence are the factors of faith and piety. This can be seen in several verses of the Holy Quran:
no visit carrier And he ministered else (Size: 18)
all the same with what won pledge (Size: 38)
"Everyone is responsible for everything they do." (al-Muddayr, 38).
no they congratulated no to be sad And you the highest that you were Believers (Answer: 139)
"Do not feel weak or sad, if you believe, you are the most cyclical of people." (Ali-Imran, 139). [17]
a. They can reject assumptions they do not understand and criticize judgments that actually contradict their conclusions. [18]
2. External factors
These are factors that come from outside the child, including:
1) training
Every child wants to be independent, but that doesn't mean parents/teachers just let them grow and develop on their own. However, they should be brought up according to their psychological and physical development.
"If the individual development of the child is carried out well, the child enters adolescence and there is no lack of individual development during adolescence." [19]
Therefore, the child has a noble character, so it is easy for him to be independent.
2) Addiction and empowerment
Education realizes that in personal development children really need serious and continuous habits and training according to their psychological and social development, because with such habit and experience children become accustomed and eventually attached to it. If you're used to it, you can:
a) Example
The positive signs of helping with an example, that is, comparing oneself with the person being imitated, will be demonstrated. [20]
Identification is very important in the formation of personality.
B) Proposals, commands and orders
If the child sees, for example, commands and commands in suggestions are tools to form positive discipline.
fifth) Experiment
The goal is to inculcate basic qualities, master actions and memorize knowledge. [21] Exercises can help children stand up on their own (not always with the help of others).
g) to praise
Play a role in encouraging and reinforcing good behavior. [22] Praise is a form of positive reinforcement and is also a good motivator. With appropriate praise, it will create a positive atmosphere, increase enthusiasm for learning and at the same time increase self-esteem. [23]
h) punishment
Punishment is intended to suppress or eliminate inappropriate behavior. [24] Punishment can be a motivational tool, like negative reinforcement , but when given correctly and wisely. [25]
In practice, teachers should pay attention to the age, psychological maturity, and physical strength of students in order to encourage habituation and learning, as well as to avoid fatal mistakes.
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